Sentence Particles
DRAFT
| Sentence particles | Functions | NOTES |
| か | 1. Question marker (2-1 BTS 3)
2. Embedded yes/no questions (12-2 BTS 4) 3. Embedded information questions (12-3 BTS 6) |
As a phrase particle:
1. Either X or Y (6-6 BTS 23) |
| ね | 1. Confirmation (2-1 BTS 3)
2. Rising vs. falling intonation (2-3 BTS 14) |
|
| よ | 1. Certainty/new information (2-2 BTS 6) | |
| ねえ | 1. Assuming shared attitude/opinion from others (2-3 BTS 3; 2-6 BTS 23, 24)
|
|
| けど
（けれども）
|
1. Contrast/Background information (2-4 BTS 16) | |
| が | 1. Contrast/Background information (2-4 BTS 16) | As a phrase particle
1. Subject marker (4-3 BTS 13) 2. Object marker: Double-ga sentences (4-6 BTS 27) |
| なあ | 2. Shared agreement (2-6 BTS 23, 24)
|
|
| かねえ | 1. Shared question (Multiple Sentence Particles かなあ、かねえ (2-7 BTS 24) | |
| かなあ | 1. Shared question (self-directed) (Multiple Sentence Particles かなあ、かねえ (2-7 BTS 24) | |
| よね | 1. Multiple particle: よね (3-6 BTS 33) | |
| から
|
1. Reasons (5-5 BTS 12)
2. Phrase particle + です (4-4 BTS 23; 6-2 BTS 5) 3. 〜んだから ‘Because, as you must surely know’ (8-2 BTS 5) 4. Specifying order of events: Verb 〜てから (9-6 BTS 15) 5. だから as a discourse connector (21-6 BTS 12) |
As a phrase particle
1. Origin/source (4-4 BTS 22) |
| し | 1. Sentence + し: 教えるの好きだし (9-3 BTS 9) | |
| さ | 1. (informal) topic marker (12-3 BTS 7)
2. Assertion/new information (12-3 BTS 7) |
|
| わ
|
1. Emphasis (Rising intonation—feminine) (20-6 BTS 8)
2. Emphasis (Falling intonation—both) (20-6 BTS 8) |
|
| ぞ | 1. Force or emphasis (21-4 BTS 7) | |
| かしら | 1. Wondering (22-2 BTS 6) | |
| ぜ | 1. Force or emphasis (blunt) (23-2 BTS 4) | |
| な | 1. Negative imperative: Verb + な (23-2 BTS2) | As a phrase particle
1. Nouns modifying Nouns: Nの・なN |
