Conjugation Overview I
Verb
| Formal | affirmative | negative |
| Non-past
|
V stem + masu
|
V stem + masen
Root + (a) nai desu |
| 2-1 (BTS 1) | ||
| Past
|
V stem + mashita | V stem + masen deshita |
| 4-1 (BTS 1) | ||
| Informal | affirmative | negative |
| Non-past | Root + RU
Root + U |
Root + (a) nai |
| 7-1 (BTS 1) | *2-6 (BTS 25)
7-3 (BTS 7) |
|
| Past | RU verbs
Root + ta U verbs Root (-u/-tsu/-ru) +tta Root (-ku) + -ita (except for 行く) Root (-gu) + -ida Root (-bu/-mu) + nda Root (-su) + -shita |
Root + (a) nakatta |
| 7-3 (BTS 8) | 7-3 (BTS 7) |
| Verb type | Citation form | te-form | Informal
past |
|
ACT |
7-1 | 5-1 | |
| RU | 見る’see’
miru |
見て
mite |
見た
mita |
| RU | 始める ‘begin something’
hajimeru |
始めて
hajimete |
始めた
hajimeta |
| RU | 変える ‘change’
kaeru |
変えて
kaete |
変えた
kaeta |
| U
(-tsu) |
待つ ‘wait’
matsu |
待って
matte |
待った
matta |
| U
(-ru) |
作る ‘make’
tsukuru |
作って
tsukutte |
作った
tsukutta |
| U
(-ru) |
ある ‘exist (inanimate’
aru |
あって
atte |
あった
atta |
| U
(-ru) |
帰る ‘return (home)’
kaeru |
帰って
kaette |
帰った
kaetta |
| U
(-u) |
言う ‘say’
iu |
言って
itte |
言った
itta |
| U
(-ku) |
行く ‘go’
iku |
*行って
itte |
行った
itta |
| U
(-ku) |
書く ‘write’
kaku |
書いて
kaite |
書いた
kaita |
| U
(-gu) |
急ぐ ‘hurry’
isogu |
急いで
isoide |
急いだ
isoida |
| U
(-bu) |
喜ぶ ‘be delighted’
yorokobu |
喜んで
yorokonde |
喜んだ
yorokonda |
| U
(-mu) |
飲む ‘drink’
nomu |
飲んで
nonde |
飲んだ
nonda |
| U
(-nu) |
死ぬ ‘die’
shinu |
死んで
shinde |
死んだ
shinda |
| U
(-su) |
話す ‘talk’
hanasu |
話して
hanashite |
話した
hanashita |
| ARU | いらっしゃる ‘be (honorific form of いる)’
irassharu |
いらっしゃって
irasshatte |
いらっしゃった
irasshatta |
| Irregular | する ‘do’
suru |
して
shite |
した
shita |
| Irregular | 来る ‘come’
kuru |
来て
kite |
来た
kita |
Adjective
| Formal | affirmative | negative |
| Non-past
|
Adj stem + i desu | Adj stem + ku nai (desu)
Adj stem + ku arimasen |
| 2-1 (BTS 1) | ||
| Past
|
Adj stem + katta desu | Adj stem + ku nakatta (desu) |
| 4-1 (BTS 1) | ||
| Informal | affirmative | negative |
| Non-past | Adj stem + i | Adj stem + ku nai |
| 2-3 (BTS 15) | 2-6 (BTS 25) | |
| Past
|
Adj stem + katta | Adj stem + ku nakatta |
| 4-1 (BTS 1) | ||
| te form | affirmative | negative |
| Non-past | Adj stem + ku + te | Adj stem + ku naku + te |
|
5-1 (BTS 1) |
||
Noun desu
| Formal | affirmative | negative |
| Non-past
|
N + desu | N + ja nai desu
N + ja arimasen |
| 2-1 (BTS 1) | ||
| Past
|
N + deshita | N + ja nakatta desu
N + ja arimasen deshita |
| 4-1 (BTS 1) | ||
| Informal | affirmative | negative |
| Non-past | N (drop desu) | N + ja nai |
| 2-5 (BTS 18) | ||
| N da | ||
| 3-4 (BTS 18) | 2-6 (BTS 25) | |
| Past | N + datta | N + ja nakatta |
| 4-3 (BTS 14) | ||
| te form | affirmative | negative |
| Non-past | N + de | N + janakute |
|
5-1 (BTS 1) |
||
